Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Página inicial / Catherine Combee Defends Defendant of Shaken Baby Syndrom

Catherine Combee Defends Defendant of Shaken Baby Syndrom

Postar um comentário

Medical status

Shaken baby syndrome
Other names abusive head trauma, not accidental head injury
CTheatInfantAbusiveheadtrauma.png
An intraparenchymal bleed with overlying skull fracture from shaken infant syndrome
Symptoms Variable[ane]
Complications Seizures, visual impairment, cerebral palsy, cerebral damage[2] [1]
Usual onset Less than v years old[3]
Causes Blunt trauma, vigorous shaking[1]
Diagnostic method CT browse[1]
Prevention Educating new parents[1]
Prognosis Long term health bug common[3]
Frequency 3 per 10,000 babies per twelvemonth (US)[ane]
Deaths ≈25% run a risk of expiry[iii]

Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), also known as abusive head trauma (AHT), is an unproven theory regarding injury to a child's brain caused by someone else.[ane] [4] According to the shaken babe theory, symptoms may range from subtle to obvious.[1] According to the theory, symptoms may include airsickness or a baby that volition not settle.[ane] Often there are no visible signs of trauma.[one] Complications include seizures, visual impairment, cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment and decease.[2] [1]

The cause may be blunt trauma or vigorous shaking.[1] Oft this occurs as a event of a caregiver becoming frustrated due to the child crying.[iii] Diagnosis tin can be hard equally symptoms may be nonspecific.[i] A CT browse of the head is typically recommended if a business organization is present.[1] While retinal bleeding is common, it can as well occur in many other conditions.[1] Abusive caput trauma is a type of child abuse.[5]

Educating new parents appears to be benign in decreasing rates of the condition.[1] Treatment occasionally requires surgery, such as to place a cognitive shunt.[i] SBS is estimated to occur in 3 to 4 per 10,000 babies a year.[one] Information technology occurs most frequently in those less than five years of age.[3] The take a chance of decease is almost 25%.[3] The diagnosis include retinal bleeds, multiple fractures of the long bones, and subdural hematomas (bleeding in the brain).[6] These signs have evolved through the years as the accepted and recognized signs of child abuse. Medical professionals strongly doubtable shaking as the crusade of injuries when a young child presents with retinal bleed, fractures, soft tissue injuries or subdural hematoma, that cannot exist explained by adventitious trauma or other medical conditions.[7]

Retinal bleeds occur in effectually 85% of SBS cases; the type of retinal bleeds are often believed to be particularly characteristic of this condition, making the finding useful in establishing the diagnosis, although this finding is based on round reasoning and other studies have establish that patterns of retinal bleeding cannot exist used to make diagnoses.[8] While there are many other causes of retinal bleeds besides SBS, there are usually additional findings (eyes or systemic) which brand the alternative diagnoses apparent[ citation needed ] although again, this claim is based on circular reasoning.[nine]

Fractures of the vertebrae, long bones, and ribs may also be associated with SBS.[ten] Dr. John Caffey reported in 1972 that metaphyseal avulsions (small-scale fragments of bone torn off where the periosteum roofing the os and the cortical bone are tightly bound together) and "bones on both the proximal and distal sides of a single joint are affected, particularly at the articulatio genus".[eleven]

Infants may brandish irritability, failure to thrive, alterations in eating patterns, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, jutting or tense fontanels (the soft spots on a infant's head), increased size of the head, altered animate, and dilated pupils, although all these atmospheric condition can have alternative causes, and and so cannot be used to brand a diagnosis of corruption.[12]

Risk factors [edit]

Caregivers that are at risk for becoming calumniating often have unrealistic expectations of the kid and may display "role reversal", expecting the child to fulfill the needs of the caregiver.[13] Substance abuse and emotional stress, resulting for case from financial troubles, are other risk factors for aggression and impulsiveness in caregivers.[xiii] Both males and females can cause SBS.[thirteen] Although it had been previously speculated that SBS was an isolated consequence, evidence of prior kid abuse is a common finding.[13] In an estimated 33–40% of cases, evidence of prior head injuries, such as old intracranial bleeds, is nowadays.[13]

Machinery [edit]

Furnishings of SBS are thought to be diffuse axonal injury, oxygen deprivation and swelling of the brain,[xiv] which can enhance pressure within the skull and harm delicate brain tissue, although witnessed shaking events have not lead to such injuries.

Traumatic shaking occurs when a kid is shaken in such a way that its head is flung backwards and forwards.[fifteen] In 1971, Guthkelch, a neurosurgeon, hypothesized that such shaking tin result in a subdural hematoma, in the absence of any detectable external signs of injury to the skull.[15] The article describes two cases in which the parents admitted that for diverse reasons they had shaken the child before it became ill.[xv] Moreover, one of the babies had retinal hemorrhages.[15] The clan betwixt traumatic shaking, subdural hematoma and retinal hemorrhages was described in 1972 and referred to as whiplash shaken infant syndrome.[15] The injuries were believed to occur because shaking the child subjected the head to dispatch–deceleration and rotational forces.[15] In 1987, this theory was queried in a biomechanical study which ended that isolated shaking, in the absence of directly violence, is probably not of sufficient force to crusade the injuries described as office of the triad.[15] Information technology has been suggested that the machinery of ocular abnormalities is related to vitreoretinal traction, with motion of the vitreous contributing to development of the characteristic retinal bleeds, although this has been challenged.[xvi] These heart findings correlate well with intracranial abnormalities.[17]

Force [edit]

At that place has been controversy regarding the corporeality of force required to produce the brain harm seen in SBS. In that location is broad understanding, even amongst skeptics, that shaking of a baby is dangerous and tin can be fatal.[xviii] [19] [xx]

A biomechanical analysis published in 2005 reported that "forceful shaking can severely injure or kill an infant, this is because the cervical spine would exist severely injured and non because subdural hematomas would be caused past high caput rotational accelerations... an infant caput subjected to the levels of rotational velocity and dispatch called for in the SBS literature, would feel forces on the babe neck far exceeding the limits for structural failure of the cervical spine. Furthermore, shaking cervical spine injury can occur at much lower levels of head velocity and acceleration than those reported for SBS."[21] Other authors were disquisitional of the mathematical analysis by Bandak, citing concerns most the calculations the author used terminal "In lite of the numerical errors in Bandak's neck strength estimations, we question the resolute tenor of Bandak's conclusions that cervix injuries would occur in all shaking events."[22] Other authors disquisitional of the model proposed by Bandak terminal "the mechanical analogue proposed in the paper may not be entirely appropriate when used to model the motility of the caput and neck of infants when a baby is shaken."[23] Bandak responded to the criticism in a letter of the alphabet to the editor published in Forensic Scientific discipline International in February 2006.[24]

Diagnosis [edit]

Diagnosis can be hard as symptoms may be nonspecific.[1] A CT scan of the caput is typically recommended if a concern is present.[1] While retinal bleeding is common, it can also occur in other conditions.[ane] It is unclear how useful subdural haematoma, retinal hemorrhages, and encephalopathy are solitary at making the diagnosis.[nine]

  • A skull fracture from abusive caput trauma in an babe

  • 3D CT reconstruction showing a skull fracture in an infant

  • 3D CT reconstruction showing a skull fracture in an infant

Triad [edit]

While the findings of SBS are complex and many,[25] they are often incorrectly referred to as a "triad" for legal proceedings; distilled down to retinal hemorrhages, subdural hematomas, and encephalopathy.[26]

SBS may be misdiagnosed, underdiagnosed, and overdiagnosed,[27] and caregivers may lie or exist unaware of the mechanism of injury.[13] Normally, in that location are no externally visible signs of the condition.[13] Examination by an experienced ophthalmologist is often critical in diagnosing shaken baby syndrome, as particular forms of ocular bleeding take been claimed to be quite characteristic, although the scientific basis for such claims seems weak at all-time.[28] Magnetic resonance imaging may also depict retinal hemorrhaging;[29] this may occasionally exist useful if an ophthalmologist examination is delayed or unavailable.[ citation needed ] Conditions that are ofttimes excluded past clinicians include hydrocephalus, sudden infant decease syndrome (SIDS), seizure disorders, and infectious or congenital diseases like meningitis and metabolic disorders.[30] [31] CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging are used to diagnose the condition.[13] Atmospheric condition that may accompany SBS include os fractures, injury to the cervical spine (in the cervix), retinal bleeding, cerebral drain or atrophy, hydrocephalus, and papilledema (swelling of the optic disc).[fourteen]

The terms non-accidental head injury or inflicted traumatic brain injury accept been suggested instead of "abusive head trauma" or "SBS".[32]

Classification [edit]

The term abusive head trauma is preferred equally it better represents the broader potential causes. Even so whatever information technology is referred to every bit, when there are no external signs of abuse or witnesses, there is no scientific discipline base for making a diagnosis of abuse based on internal bleeding injuries.[15]

The US Centers for Illness Control and Prevention identifies SBS equally "an injury to the skull or intracranial contents of an babe or young child (< 5 years of age) due to inflicted edgeless bear on and/or violent shaking".[33] In 2009, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended the utilise of the term abusive head trauma to replace SBS, in part to differentiate injuries arising solely from shaking and injuries arising from shaking every bit well equally trauma to the caput.[34]

SBS was previously believed to present with constellation of findings (oft referred to as a "triad"): subdural hematoma; retinal bleeding; and encephalon swelling or encephalopathy – which has controversially been used to infer kid abuse acquired by violent shaking or traumatic shaking.[15] The diagnostic accuracy of the triad, linked to episodes of traumatic shaking is controversial with a 2016 systematic review finding limited scientific evidence associating the triad to episodes of traumatic shaking, and insufficient prove for using the triad to identify such episodes.[15] The connectedness is controversial in part post-obit cases where parents of children exhibiting the triad take, in addition to losing custody, been jailed or sentenced to death.[35]

The Crown Prosecution Service for England and Wales recommended in 2011 that the term shaken baby syndrome be avoided and the term non accidental caput injury (NAHI) exist used instead.[36]

Differential diagnosis [edit]

Vitamin C deficiency [edit]

Some authors have suggested that certain cases of suspected shaken baby syndrome may result from vitamin C deficiency.[37] [38] [39] This contested hypothesis is based upon a speculated marginal, virtually scorbutic condition or lack of essential nutrient(s) repletion and a potential elevated histamine level. However, symptoms consistent with increased histamine levels, such as low blood pressure and allergic symptoms, are non commonly associated with scurvy as clinically meaning vitamin C deficiency. A literature review of this hypothesis in the periodical Pediatrics International concluded the post-obit: "From the available information in the literature, concluded that in that location was no convincing show to conclude that vitamin C deficiency can be considered to exist a cause of shaken baby syndrome."[40]

The proponents of such hypotheses often question the capability of nutrient tissue levels, specially vitamin C,[41] [42] for those children currently or recently ill, bacterial infections, those with higher individual requirements, those suffering from environmental challenges (e.g. allergies), and perhaps transient vaccination-related stresses.[43] At the time of this writing, infantile scurvy in the United States is practically nonexistent.[44] No cases of scurvy mimicking SBS or sudden baby decease syndrome have been reported, and scurvy typically occurs afterwards in infancy, rarely causes death or intracranial bleeding, and is accompanied by other changes of the bones and skin and invariably an unusually scarce dietary history.[45] [46]

In ane study vaccination was shown not associated with retinal hemorrhages.[47]

Gestational bug [edit]

Gestational problems affecting both mother and fetus, the birthing process, prematurity and nutritional deficits can advance skeletal and hemorrhagic pathologies that can also mimic SBS, fifty-fifty before nascence.[48] [49] [50] [51] [ verification needed ]

Prevention [edit]

Interventions by neonatal nurses including giving parents information almost calumniating head trauma, normal infant crying and reasons for crying, teaching how to calm an infant, and how to cope if the infant was inconsolable may reduce rates of SBS.[52]

Treatment [edit]

Treatment involves monitoring intracranial pressure level (the pressure level within the skull), draining fluid from the cerebral ventricles, and, if an intracranial hematoma is nowadays, draining the claret collection.[14]

Prognosis [edit]

Prognosis depends on severity and can range from total recovery to severe inability to decease when the injury is severe.[14] One third of these patients dice, ane third survives with a major neurological status, and only one third survives in good condition; therefore shaken baby syndrome puts children at risk of long-term inability.[53] [54] The most frequent neurological impairments are learning disabilities, seizure disorders, speech disabilities, hydrocephalus, cognitive palsy, and visual disorders.[30]

Epidemiology [edit]

Small children are at particularly high risk for the abuse that causes SBS given the large difference in size betwixt the small kid and an adult.[13] SBS usually occurs in children under the age of two but may occur in those up to age v.[13]

History [edit]

In 1971, Norman Guthkelch proposed that whiplash injury acquired subdural bleeding in infants by tearing the veins in the subdural infinite.[55] [56] The term "whiplash shaken baby syndrome" was introduced by Dr. John Caffey, a pediatric radiologist, in 1973,[57] describing a set of symptoms establish with picayune or no external evidence of head trauma, including retinal bleeds and intracranial bleeds with subdural or subarachnoid bleeding or both.[11] Development of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the 1970s and 1980s avant-garde the ability to diagnose the syndrome.[13]

Legal issues [edit]

The President'south Quango of Advisers on Science and Engineering (PCAST) noted in its September 2016 report that there are concerns regarding the scientific validity of forensic evidence of abusive head trauma that "require urgent attending".[58] Similarly, the Maguire model, suggested in 2011 as a potential statistical model for determining the probability that a child's trauma was caused past abuse, has been questioned.[59] A proposed clinical prediction dominion with loftier sensitivity and low specificity, to rule out Abusive Head Trauma, has been published.[60]

In July 2005, the Court of Appeals in the United Kingdom heard four appeals of SBS convictions: one case was dropped, the sentence was reduced for i, and two convictions were upheld.[61] The court establish that the classic triad of retinal bleeding, subdural hematoma, and acute encephalopathy are not 100% diagnostic of SBS and that clinical history is likewise important. In the Court'south ruling, they upheld the clinical concept of SBS merely dismissed one case and reduced some other from murder to manslaughter.[61] In their words: "Whilst a stiff pointer to NAHI [not-accidental head injury] on its own we practise not think it possible to discover that it must automatically and necessarily lead to a diagnosis of NAHI. All the circumstances, including the clinical picture, must be taken into account."[62]

The courtroom invalidated the "unified hypothesis", proposed by British dr. J. F. Geddes and colleagues, equally an alternative machinery for the subdural and retinal bleeding plant in suspected cases of SBS.[61] The unified hypothesis proposed that the bleeding was not caused by shearing of subdural and retinal veins but rather by cognitive hypoxia, increased intracranial pressure, and increased pressure in the brain's blood vessels.[61] The court reported that "the unified hypothesis [could] no longer be regarded equally a credible or alternative cause of the triad of injuries": subdural bleeding, retinal bleeding and encephalopathy due to hypoxemia (low claret oxygen) institute in suspected SBS.[61]

On Jan 31, 2008, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals granted Audrey A. Edmunds a new trial based on "competing credible medical opinions in determining whether in that location is a reasonable doubt as to Edmunds's guilt." Specifically, the appeals court institute that "Edmunds presented testify that was not discovered until later on her confidence, in the form of skilful medical testimony, that a significant and legitimate argue in the medical community has developed in the past ten years over whether infants can be fatally injured through shaking alone, whether an babe may suffer head trauma and nevertheless experience a significant lucid interval prior to expiry, and whether other causes may mimic the symptoms traditionally viewed every bit indicating shaken infant or shaken impact syndrome."[63] [64]

In 2012, A. Norman Guthkelch, the neurosurgeon often credited with "discovering" the diagnosis of SBS,[65] published an article "after 40 years of consideration," which is harshly critical of shaken baby prosecutions based solely on the triad of injuries.[66] Once more, in 2012, Dr. Guthkelch stated in an interview, "I remember we demand to go dorsum to the drawing board and make a more thorough assessment of these fatal cases, and I am going to bet . . . that nosotros are going to find in every - or at least the large majority of cases, the child had another astringent disease of some sort which was missed until likewise belatedly."[67] Furthermore, in 2015, Dr. Guthkelch went so far every bit to say, "I was against defining this matter equally a syndrome in the offset instance. To become on and say every time you see it, it's a crime...It became an easy way to go into jail."[68]

On the other hand, Teri Covington, who runs the National Center for Kid Death Review Policy and Practice, worries that such caution has led to a growing number of cases of child abuse in which the abuser is not punished.[65]

In March 2016, Waney Squier, a paediatric neuropathologist who has served equally an expert witness in many shaken baby trials, was struck off the medical register for misconduct.[69] Soon after her confidence, Dr. Squier was given the "champion of justice" award by the International Innocence Network for her efforts to costless those wrongfully convicted of shaken baby syndrome.[70]

Squier denied the allegations and appealed the decision to strike her off the medical register.[71] Equally her case was heard by the Loftier Court of England and Wales in October 2016, an open letter to the British Medical Journal questioning the decision to strike off Dr. Squier, was signed past 350 doctors, scientists, and attorneys.[72] On 3 November 2016, the court published a judgment which concluded that "the determination of the MPT is in many significant respects flawed".[73] The approximate institute that she had committed serious professional misconduct but was non quack. She was reinstated to the medical register but prohibited from giving expert evidence in court for the next iii years.[74]

The Louise Woodward example relied on the "shaken babe syndrome".

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f yard h i j thousand l yard n o p q r s t u Shaahinfar, A; Whitelaw, KD; Mansour, KM (June 2015). "Update on abusive head trauma". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 27 (3): 308–14. doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000207. PMID 25768258. S2CID 38035821.
  2. ^ a b Advanced Pediatric Assessment, 2nd Edition (2 ed.). Springer Publishing Company. 2014. p. 484. ISBN9780826161765. Archived from the original on 2017-11-05.
  3. ^ a b c d eastward f "Preventing Abusive Head Trauma in Children". www.cdc.gov. four April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved nine June 2017.
  4. ^ Lynøe, Niels; Elinder, Göran; Hallberg, Boubou; Rosén, Måns; Sundgren, Pia; Eriksson, Anders (July 2017). "Bereft evidence for'shaken babe syndrome' - asystematicreview". ActaPaediatrica. 106 (vii): 1021–1027. doi:ten.1111/apa.13760.
  5. ^ Christian, CW; Block, R (May 2009). "Abusive caput trauma in infants and children". Pediatrics. 123 (v): 1409–11. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0408. PMID 19403508.
  6. ^ "NINDS Shaken Baby Syndrome information page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2014-02-xiv. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2008-06-23 .
  7. ^ B.Thou.Brogdon, Tor Shwayder, Jamie Elifritz Child Abuse and its Mimics in Skin and Bone
  8. ^ Levin AV (Nov 2010). "Retinal hemorrhage in abusive caput trauma". Pediatrics. 126 (5): 961–70. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1220. PMID 20921069. S2CID 11456829. Archived from the original on 2014-10-20.
  9. ^ a b Lynøe, N; Elinder, M; Hallberg, B; Rosén, M; Sundgren, P; Eriksson, A (July 2017). "Insufficient evidence for 'shaken baby syndrome' - a systematic review". Acta Paediatrica. 106 (7): 1021–1027. doi:x.1111/apa.13760. PMID 28130787.
  10. ^ Kempe CH, Silverman FN, Steele BF, Droegemueller Westward, Silverish HK (July 1962). "The battered-child syndrome". JAMA. 181: 17–24. CiteSeerX10.i.i.589.5168. doi:ten.1001/jama.1962.03050270019004. PMID 14455086.
  11. ^ a b Caffey J (Baronial 1972). "On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Its potential residual effects of permanent encephalon damage and mental retardation". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 124 (2): 161–9. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110140011001. PMID 4559532.
  12. ^ Types of brain injury: Shaken babe syndrome Archived 2007-10-18 at the Wayback Machine. Brain Injury Association of America. Retrieved on September 24, 2007.
  13. ^ a b c d e f chiliad h i j k American University of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect (July 2001). "Shaken baby syndrome: rotational cranial injuries-technical report". Pediatrics. 108 (i): 206–x. doi:10.1542/peds.108.1.206. PMID 11433079.
  14. ^ a b c d "Shaken Babe Syndrome". Journal of Forensic Nursing. Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2011-04-27 .
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Traumatic shaking – The office of the triad in medical investigations of suspected traumatic shaking. www.sbu.se. Swedish Bureau for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services. 2016-x-26. pp. 9–15. ISBN978-91-85413-98-0. Archived from the original on 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2017-06-08 .
  16. ^ Vitreoretinal traction is a major factor in causing the haemorrhagic retinopathy of abusive head injury? – No Archived 2015-01-10 at the Wayback Machine Centre, Clarke M.P.
  17. ^ Post Mortem Findings
  18. ^ The Royal College of Pathologists. "Report Of A Meeting On The Pathology Of Traumatic Head Injury In Children" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-02.
  19. ^ Findley KA, Barnes PD, Moran DA, Squier W (April thirty, 2012). "Shaken Baby Syndrome, Calumniating Head Trauma, and Actual Innocence: Getting It Right". Houston Periodical of Health Police force and Policy. SSRN 2048374.
  20. ^ Squier W (2014). ""Shaken Baby Syndrome" and Forensic Pathology". Forensic Scientific discipline, Medicine and Pathology. 10 (2): 248–250. doi:10.1007/s12024-014-9533-z. PMID 24469888. S2CID 41784096.
  21. ^ Bandak FA (2005). "Shaken Baby Syndrome: A biomechanical assay of injury mechanisms". Forensic Science International. 151 (ane): 71–79. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.033. PMID 15885948.
  22. ^ Margulies S, Prange Yard, Myers BS, et al. (December 2006). "Shaken baby syndrome: a flawed biomechanical analysis". Forensic Scientific discipline International. 164 (ii–iii): 278–9, author reply 282–3. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.018. PMID 16436323.
  23. ^ Rangarajan North, Shams T (December 2006). "Re: shaken baby syndrome: a biomechanics analysis of injury mechanisms". Forensic Science International. 164 (ii–3): 280–1, writer reply 282–three. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.017. PMID 16497461.
  24. ^ Bandak F (December 2006). "Response to the Letter to the Editor". Forensic Science International. 157 (one): 282–3. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.01.001. which refers to
    Margulies S, Prange M, Myers BS, et al. (December 2006). "Shaken infant syndrome: a flawed biomechanical assay". Forensic Science International. 164 (ii–3): 278–9, author reply 282–3. doi:x.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.018. PMID 16436323.
  25. ^ Greeley, Christopher Spencer (2015). "Abusive Head Trauma: A Review of the Evidence Base". American Journal of Roentgenology. 204 (5): 967–973. doi:ten.2214/AJR.14.14191. PMID 25905929.
  26. ^ Greeley, Christopher Spencer (2014). ""Shaken baby syndrome" and forensic pathology". Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. ten (2): 253–255. doi:ten.1007/s12024-014-9540-0. PMID 24532195. S2CID 207365843.
  27. ^ Study questioning shaken baby syndrome seriously unbalanced http://www.aappublications.org/content/36/5/1.ii
  28. ^ "Shaken Infant Syndrome Resources". American Academy of Ophthalmology. Archived from the original on 2006-ten-01.
  29. ^ Zuccoli G; Panigrahy A; Haldipur A; Willaman D; Squires J; Wolford J; Sylvester C; Mitchell E; Lope LA; Nischal KK; Berger RP (Jul 2013). "Susceptibility weighted imaging depicts retinal hemorrhages in abusive head trauma". Neuroradiology. 55 (seven): 889–93. doi:x.1007/s00234-013-1180-7. PMC3713254. PMID 23568702.
  30. ^ a b Oral R (August 2003). "Intentional head trauma in infants: Shaken baby syndrome". Virtual Children'southward Infirmary. Archived from the original (Archived) on 2005-02-xiv. Retrieved 2006-x-09 .
  31. ^ Togioka BM, Arnold MA, Bathurst MA, et al. (2009). "Retinal hemorrhages and shaken infant syndrome: an evidence-based review". J Emerg Med. 37 (ane): 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.06.022. PMID 19081701.
  32. ^ Minns RA, Busuttil A (March 2004). "Patterns of presentation of the shaken baby syndrome: Four types of inflicted encephalon injury predominate". BMJ. 328 (7442): 766. doi:x.1136/bmj.328.7442.766. PMC381336. PMID 15044297.
  33. ^ Parks, SE; Annest JL; Hill HA; Karch DL (2012). "Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: Recommended Definitions for Public Health Surveillance and Research". Archived from the original on 2014-12-08.
  34. ^ Abusive Head Trauma: A New Name for Shaken Infant Syndrome Archived 2014-xi-03 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Berth, Robert (2016-03-11). "Doctor who doubted shaken babe syndrome misled courts, panel rules". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2017-06-08 .
  36. ^ Non Adventitious Head Injury Cases (NAHI, formerly referred to as Shaken Baby Syndrome Prosecution Approach Archived December half-dozen, 2013, at the Wayback Auto
  37. ^ Clemetson CAB (July 2004). "Capillary Fragility as a Cause of Substantial Hemorrhage in Infants" (PDF). Medical Hypotheses and Inquiry. 1 (2/three): 121–129. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-05-19 .
  38. ^ Johnston, C.Due south. (1996). "Chapter ten) The Antihistamine Activity of Ascorbic Acid". Ascorbic Acid; Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. Vol. 25. Plenum Press. p. 189. ISBN978-0-306-45148-5.
  39. ^ Majno One thousand, Palade GE, Schoefl GI (Dec 1961). "STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION : II. The Site of Action of Histamine and Serotonin along the Vascular Tree: A Topographic Study". The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 11 (3): 607–26. doi:10.1083/jcb.eleven.3.607. PMC2225127. PMID 14468625.
  40. ^ Fung EL, Nelson EA (Dec 2004). "Could Vitamin C deficiency take a role in shaken baby syndrome?". Pediatrics International. 46 (half dozen): 753–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01977.ten. PMID 15660885. S2CID 35179068.
  41. ^ Dettman G (March 1978). "Factor "X", sub-clinical scurvy and Southward.I.D.S. Historical. Role 1". The Australasian Nurses Journal. 7 (seven): 2–five. PMID 418769.
  42. ^ Kalokerinos A, Dettman G (July 1976). "Sudden death in infancy syndrome in Western Australia". The Medical Journal of Australia. 2 (1): 31–ii. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb141561.x. PMID 979792. S2CID 34061797.
  43. ^ Institute of Medicine (IOM) (1991). "Chapter 6 Evidence Concerning Pertussis Vaccines and Other Illnesses and Conditions -- Protracted Comfortless Crying and Screaming". Adverse Furnishings of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines. The National Academies Printing. p. 165. ISBN978-0-309-04499-8.
  44. ^ Lee RV (1983). "Scurvy: a contemporary historical perspective". Connecticut Medicine. 47 (10): 629–32, 703–4. PMID 6354581.
  45. ^ Weinstein M; Babyn Phil; Zlotkin Due south (2001). "An Orange a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Scurvy in the Twelvemonth 2000". Pediatrics. 108 (3): e55. doi:ten.1542/peds.108.three.e55. PMID 11533373.
  46. ^ Rajakumar Thou (2001). "Infantile Scurvy: A Historical Perspective". Pediatrics. 108 (four): e76. doi:10.1542/peds.108.4.e76. PMID 11581484.
  47. ^ Binenbaum K (2015). "Evaluation of Temporal Clan Between Vaccinations and Retinal Hemorrhage in Children". JAMA Ophthalmol. 133 (11): 1261–1265. doi:x.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.2868. PMC4910821. PMID 26335082. Vaccination injections should not be considered a potential cause of retinal hemorrhage in children, and this unsupported theory should non be accepted clinically or in legal proceedings.
  48. ^ Cushing H, Goodrich JT (Baronial 2000). "Reprint of "Apropos Surgical Intervention for the Intracranial Hemorrhages of the New-built-in" by Harvey Cushing, M.D. 1905". Child'southward Nervous Arrangement. 16 (eight): 484–92. doi:10.1007/s003810000255. PMID 11007498. S2CID 37717586.
  49. ^ Williams Obstetrics (1997). "Chapter xx". Diseases and Injuries of the Fetus and Newborn. Vol. 20. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT. pp. 997–998. ISBN978-0-8385-9638-8.
  50. ^ Williams Obstetrics (2005). "Chapter 29". Diseases and Injuries of the Fetus and Newborn. Vol. 22. McGraw-Colina Companies. pp. 649–691. ISBN978-0-07-141315-2.
  51. ^ Looney CB, Smith JK, Merck LH, et al. (Feb 2007). "Intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic neonates: prevalence on MR images and relationship to obstetric and neonatal take chances factors". Radiology. 242 (2): 535–41. doi:10.1148/radiol.2422060133. PMID 17179400.
  52. ^ Allen KA (2014). "The neonatal nurse'due south role in preventing abusive head trauma". Advances in Neonatal Intendance (Review). 14 (5): 336–42. doi:10.1097/ANC.0000000000000117. PMC4139928. PMID 25137601.
  53. ^ Perkins, Suzanne. (2012). An Ecological Perspective on the Comorbidity of Childhood Violence Exposure and Disabilities: Focus on the Environmental of the School. Psychology of Violence. ii. 75-89. 10.1037/a0026137.
  54. ^ Keenan Heather T, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, Nocera MA, & Merten DF (2004). A population-based comparison of clinical and outcome characteristics of young children with serious inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury Pediatrics, 114(iii), 633–639. [PubMed: 15342832]
  55. ^ David TJ (November 1999). "Shaken baby (shaken impact) syndrome: non-accidental head injury in infancy". Journal of the Royal Order of Medicine. 92 (xi): 556–61. doi:10.1177/014107689909201105. PMC1297429. PMID 10703491.
  56. ^ Integrity in Science: The Case of Dr Norman Guthkelch, 'Shaken Baby Syndrome' and Miscarriages of Justice By Dr Lynne Wrennall Archived 2015-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ Caffey, John (October 1974). "The Whiplash Shaken Baby Syndrome: Manual Shaking by the Extremities with Whiplash-Induced Intracranial and Intraocular Bleedings, Linked with Residual Permanent Brain Damage and Mental Retardation". Pediatrics. 54 (4): 396–403. PMID 4416579. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2011-04-thirty .
  58. ^ Forensic Scientific discipline in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Characteristic-Comparison Methods (p. 23) "Archived copy" (PDF). Office of Science and Engineering science Policy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-twenty. Retrieved 2016-12-31 – via National Archives. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
  59. ^ Cuellar M. Causal reasoning and data assay: Problems with the calumniating head trauma diagnosis. Police force, Probability and Risk, 2017; 16(4): 223–239. doi:10.1093/lpr/mgx011
  60. ^ Pfeiffer H, et al. External Validation of the PediBIRN Clinical Prediction Rule of Abusive Head Trauma. Pediatrics, 2018; 141(v): e20173674. doi:x.1542/peds.2017-3674
  61. ^ a b c d e De Leeuw M, Jacobs W (2007). "Shaken baby syndrome: The classical clinical triad is even so valid in recent courtroom rulings". Critical Intendance. 11 (Supplement ii): 416. doi:10.1186/cc5576. PMC4095469.
  62. ^ "Shaken baby convictions overturned". Special Reports. Guardian Unlimited. July 21, 2005. Retrieved 2006-ten-xv .
  63. ^ "Courtroom of Appeals determination - State of Wisconsin five. Audrey A. Edmonds". Wisconsin Courtroom Opinions. Findlaw. Jan 31, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-25 .
  64. ^ Keith A. Findley Co‐Director, Wisconsin Innocence Project Clinical Professor, Academy of Wisconsin Law School Litigating Postconviction Challenges to Shaken Baby Syndrome Convictions Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ a b "Rethinking Shaken Baby Syndrome". Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2015-05-xxx .
  66. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-07. Retrieved 2013-01-15 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as title (link)
  67. ^ "Conversations with Dr. A. Norman Guthkelch". 2014-08-20. Archived from the original on 2014-09-19. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
  68. ^ "The Nanny Murder Trial: Retro Report Voices: The Lawyer". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  69. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-xvi. Retrieved 2016-04-04 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
  70. ^ Oxford doctor Waney Squire vows to fight suspension over 'shaken baby' trial bear witness "Oxford medico struck off over testify in 'shaken infant' court cases vows to fight interruption". Archived from the original on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-05-06 .
  71. ^ "Shaken baby sceptic begins entreatment", BBC News, BBC, 2016-x-eighteen, archived from the original on 2016-10-25, retrieved 2016-10-24
  72. ^ Sweeney, John (17 Oct 2016), Should Waney Squier have been struck off over shaken infant syndrome?, BBC, archived from the original on 2016-10-25, retrieved 2016-x-24
  73. ^ "Case No: CO/2061/2016 Approved Sentence" (PDF). three Nov 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-eleven-04. Retrieved 2016-xi-04 .
  74. ^ "Shaken babe evidence doc reinstated". BBC News. BBC. 3 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-xi-04. Retrieved 2016-11-04 .

External links [edit]

  • Centers for Illness Control and Prevention - Abusive caput trauma

woodalver1998.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome

Postar um comentário for "Catherine Combee Defends Defendant of Shaken Baby Syndrom"